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Journal of the Geological Society; 2007; v. 164; issue.5; p. 1065-1072;
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492006-193
© 2007 Geological Society of London

Discussion on Pleistocene calcified cyanobacterial mounds, Perachora peninsula, central Greece: a controversy of growth and historyGeological Society, London, Special Publications, Vol. 255, 2006, 53–69

J.E. Andrews1, M.R. Leeder2, C. Portman3, P.J. Rowe4, J. Smith5, S. Kershaw6 & Li Guo7

1 1 University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK (e-mail: j.andrews{at}uea.ac.uk)
2 2 University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK (e-mail: j.andrews{at}uea.ac.uk)
3 3 University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK (e-mail: j.andrews{at}uea.ac.uk)
4 4 University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK (e-mail: j.andrews{at}uea.ac.uk)
5 5 University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK (e-mail: j.andrews{at}uea.ac.uk)
6 6 Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB3 8PH, UK (e-mail: stephen.kershaw{at}brunel.ac.uk)
7 7 CASP, Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, 181a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0D, UK


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1.  Spectacular bioherms at Cape Heraion, here down-faulted by about 10 m from the 25 m terrace (after Portman et al. 2005). In our opinion these giant microbial structures formed very rapidly, early in MIS 5e.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2.  Photograph showing two generations of boulders (breccia–conglomerate facies) in the lower bioherms below the prominent +25 m terrace at Heraion. Vertical field of view is c. 10–12 m. Arrow A shows a large boulder (>2 m long axis) of bioherm framework, which is overgrown by subsequent bioherm growth to the cliff top. This relationship demonstrates collapse of bioherm framework early in growth, followed by the main phase of Rivularia growth, to form the giant bioherms. Arrow B shows smaller wave-rounded boulders that post-date bioherm framework growth as part of a cave fill unrelated to faulting.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3.  View looking east from near the lighthouse at Heraion of the MIS 5e and (interpreted) 7a/c terraces and cliffs near the west end of Perachora Peninsula. The locations of Figures 1 and 2 are indicated, plus the mapped MIS 5e shoreline of Leeder et al. (2005). The area of broken ground in the foreground and vegetation cover make the identification of palaeo-shorelines subjective in this area. The minor fault mapped by Leeder et al. (2005, fig. 6a) lies at the far end of the broken ground where it meets the MIS 5e terrace. The uplifted block from which the view in Figure 4 was photographed is on the right-hand edge.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4.  View of the end of Perachora Peninsula looking west from St. Nicholas Church. The proposed MIS 7a/c terrace of Leeder et al. (2005) is shown and the location of the uppermost eroded coralline-dominated mound is 50 m east of the lighthouse. The NE–SW fault mentioned in the text lies directly in front of and below the area shown in the photograph. This fault controls the eastern end of the mini-graben structure in which the Heraion archaeological site lies. The minor fault mapped by Leeder et al. (2005, fig. 6a) supposedly passes through the far edge of the archaeological site and cuts the prominent east–west fault that dissects the end of the peninsula. It should be noted also that the sharp margins of the triangular end of the peninsula are defined by coastal-bounding faults. Other faults, especially the Xylokastro Fault, are interpreted in submarine rocks between the end of the peninsula and the south coast of the Gulf of Corinth visible in the distance.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5.  Late Quaternary sea-level curve (modified from Kershaw & Guo 2006) showing pathways of uplift of the relevant components. The four sloping lines at 0.23 mm a represent the averaged uplift (from Leeder et al. 2005) of the surface on which mounds sit, the MIS 5e terrace top, the proposed MIS 7a/c terraces and the mound near Heraion lighthouse (up to their current positions of at c. +15 m, c. +25 m, proposed c. +40 m and c. +55 m, respectively). Uplift of late Quaternary marine sediments in the Isthmus of Corinth (IC) and two interpretations of the behaviour of the Rion Sill (RS) are shown. The interplay between these two barriers probably created a lake in the Gulf during MIS 6. The inset map shows the locations of IC, RS and the Perachora Peninsula (PP). The significance of the various possible pathways of terrace uplift is discussed in the text.