Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Maps of the palaeogeographical and geographical setting of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte. (a) Location of North Greenland in the early Cambrian at c. 520 Ma constructed in Bugplates (Torsvik 2009). Circle indicates location of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte. (b) The eastern Franklinian Basin (modified from Ineson & Peel 2011). Red box indicates position of (c). (c) The Sirius Passet locality at 82° 47.59' N, 42° 13.54' W, east of J. P. Koch Fjord, is marked with a red star (modified from Le Boudec et al. 2014).
- Fig. 2.
Geological map of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte and surrounding area in Peary Land, North Greenland. The outer shelf–slope mudstone and sandstone units of the Buen Formation are equivalent to the ‘Transitional Buen Formation’ of Ineson & Peel (2011).
- Fig. 3.
(a) Panoramic view of the Sirius Passet locality, looking towards the NE, showing the geological relationships at the shelf–slope boundary. The locality is indicated by the inverted white, younging symbol. B, sandstone-dominated shelf Buen Formation; Bm, mudstone-dominated Buen Formation of the shelf–slope transition (= ‘Transitional Buen Formation’ mudstone of Ineson & Peel 2011); Bq, basal quartz-arenites of the Buen Formation; Bs, sandstone-dominated Buen Formation of the shelf–slope transition (= ‘Transitional Buen Formation’ sandstone of Ineson & Peel 2011); d, Cretaceous basic dykes; FF, Frigg Fjord Mudstones of the Polkorridoren Group; P, Portfjeld Formation. Unit boundaries are indicated by heavier white dashed lines, bedding traces by lighter weight dashed lines; faults are shown as red dashed lines. (b) The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte locality viewed from the west, showing the dark silty mudstones of the Buen Formation in faulted contact with the white carbonate rocks of the Portfjeld Formation. (c) Close-up of the Sirius Passet locality showing the quarry opened up on the 2011 expedition; people for scale.
- Fig. 4.
Sedimentary log of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. Orange bars indicate the presence of particulate iron oxides and films on bedding surfaces, and red bars indicate the incidence of exceptionally preserved soft tissues. The event beds that make up the bulk of the sediment are of millimetre scale.
- Fig. 5.
Schematic block diagram illustrating the depositional environment of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte and the Buen Formation of the Franklinian shelf during the early Cambrian (Stage 3). The depositional location of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte is indicated by a red star. Vertical scale greatly exaggerated. Modified after Strang et al. (2016b).
- Fig. 6.
Rarefaction curves: (a) based on data from the scree collections, kindly provided by M. Stein; (b) based on data from the intensive bed-by-bed sampling during the 2011 expedition.
- Fig. 7.
(a) Diversity of taxa based on published data (Table 1). (b) Abundance of taxa based on bed-by-bed sampling during the 2011 expedition.
- Fig. 8.
(a) Buenellus higginsi Blaker, 1988, MGUH 33376, scale bar 1 cm. (b) Arthroaspis bergstroemi Stein, Budd, Peel & Harper, 2013, MGUH 33377, scale bar 3 cm. (c) Campanamuta mantoni Budd, 2011, MGUH 33378, scale bar 2 cm. (d) Kleptothule rasmusseni Budd, 1995, MGUH 33379, scale bar 5 mm. (e) Buenaspis forteyi Budd, 1999, MGUH 33380, scale bar 5 mm. (f) Isoxys volucris Williams, Siveter & Peel, 1996, MGUH 33381, scale bar 5 mm. (g) Kiisortoqia soperi Stein 2010, MGUH 33382, scale bar 5 mm. (h) Sirilorica carlsbergi Peel 2010b, MGUH 33383, scale bar 5 mm. (i) Xystoscolex boreogyrus Conway Morris & Peel, 2010, MGUH 33384, scale bar 5 mm. (j) Lenica hindei (Dawson, 1896), MGUH 33385, scale bar 1 cm.
- Fig. 9.
(a) Tamisiocaris borealis Daley & Peel, 2010, MGUH 30500, scale bar 2 cm. (b) Ooedigera peeli Vinther, Smith & Harper, 2011b, MGUH 29279, scale bar 5 mm. (c) Pygocirrus butyricampum Vinther, Eibye-Jacobsen & Harper, 2011a, MGUH 29288, scale bar 5 mm. (d) Aaveqaspis inesoni Peel & Stein, 2009, MGUH 33386, scale bar 5 mm. (e, f) Kergymachela kierkegaardi Budd, 1993, MGUH 32048a ((e) close-up of head region, scale bar 5 mm; (f) plan view, scale bar 2 cm). (g) Pauloterminus spinodorsalis Taylor, 2002, MGUH 33387, scale bar 1 cm.
- Fig. 10.
Correlation of geochemical trends (FeHR/FeT, TOC, δ15NT, V/Al) in the Sirius Passet section with fossil abundance (black continuous line) and species diversity (red dashed line) next to cumulative abundance (n = 100 between individual tick marks) of the five most common fossils (Buenellus, Arthroaspis, Campanamuta and Kleptothule (presumed nektobenthic) and Isoxys (certainly nektonic)), together with inferred changes (dashed black lines) of bottom water oxygen concentrations [O2]BW and relative water depth. Yellow zone in FeHR/FeT column brackets intermediate FeHR/FeT values between the Cambrian average value of 0.14 and the 0.38 value that is used to distinguish oxic and anoxic waters. Proposed intervals of periodic anoxia in blue with horizontal ruling. Modified from Hammarlund et al. 2019.
Tables
Aaveqaspis inesoni Peel & Stein, 2009 Euarthropoda Arthroaspis bergstroemi Stein et al., 2013 Euarthropoda Buenaspis forteyi Budd, 1999 Euarthropoda Buenellus higginsi Blaker, 1988 Euarthropoda Campanamuta mantoni Budd, 2011 Euarthropoda Isoxys volucris Williams et al., 1996; Stein et al. 2010; Nielsen et al. 2017 Euarthropoda Isoxys sp. Williams et al. 1996 Euarthropoda Kiisortoqia soperi Stein, 2010 Euarthropoda Kleptothule rasmusseni Budd, 1995 Euarthropoda Molaria steini Peel, 2017a Euarthropoda Pauloterminus spinodorsalis Taylor, 2002 Euarthropoda Sidneyia sp. Peel 2017b Euarthropoda Siriocaris trollae Lagebro et al., 2009 Euarthropoda Hadranax augustus Budd & Peel, 1998 Lobopodia Kerygmachela kierkegaardi Budd, 1993, 1999; Park et al. 2018 Lobopodia Pambdelurion whittingtoni Budd, 1998a; Vinther et al. 2016 Lobopodia Tamisiocaris borealis Daley & Peel, 2010; Vinther et al. 2014 Radiodonta Chalazoscolex pharkus Conway Morris & Peel, 2010 Palaeoscolecida Xystoscolex boreogyrus Conway Morris & Peel, 2010 Palaeoscolecida Singuuriqia simony Peel, 2017a Priapulida Phragmochaeta canicularis Conway Morris & Peel, 2008 Annelida Pygocirrus butyricampum Vinther et al., 2011a Annelida Halkieria evangelista Conway Morris & Peel, 1990, 1995; Vinther & Nielsen 2005 Mollusca Hyolithus cf. tenuis Peel 2010a Hyolitha Hyolithid sp. Peel 2010a Hyolitha Orthothecid sp. Peel 2010a Hyolitha Trapezovitus sp. Peel 2010a Hyolitha Sirilorica carlsbergi Peel, 2010b; Peel et al. 2013 Loricifera Sirilorica pustulosa Peel, 2010b; Peel et al. 2013 Loricifera Ooedigera peeli Vinther et al., 2011b Vetulicolia Genus and species indeterminate A Vinther et al. 2011b Vetulicolia Archaeocyatha spp. Peel 2010a Porifera Choia cf. carteri Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Constellatispongia canismajorii Botting & Peel, 2016 Porifera Crassicoactum cucumis Botting & Peel, 2016 Porifera Demospongiae indet. Botting et al. 2015 Porifera Fieldospongia bellineata Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Hamptonia limatula Botting & Peel, 2016 Porifera Lenica cf. unica Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Lenica hindei Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Lenica perverse Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Saetaspongia cf. densa Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Saetaspongia procera Botting & Peel, 2016 Porifera Salactiniella cf. plumata Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera Stephanella? sp. Botting & Peel 2016 Porifera
The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland: a remote window on the Cambrian Explosion
